REPORTE DE CASO
MVZ.ESP. Pedro Emanuel Hernández López
Introducción
Obstrucción aérea recurrente (RAO), conocida como “heaves”, es una patología debilitante e incurable, de las vías respiratorias bajas en el equino, manifestando broncoconstricción e inflamación neutrofílica respiratoria, como resultado de la exposición de irritantes aéreos específicos, y alérgenos encontrados en pasturas y camas polvosas.
Es una condición asmática que se manifiesta en caballos adultos maduros (más de 5 años), expuestos a polvos.
Esta patología es caracterizada por neutrofilia y una excesiva producción de moco, resultando en una reducción de la complianza dinámica pulmonar.
Figure 1: Ingreso del paciente de interés el medio de transporte (demasiado viento).
DESARROLLO DE CASO:
Diagnóstico clínico orientado a problemas.
Historia clínica orientada a problemas:
Base de datos del paciente:
Macho castrado, de 7 años de edad.
Raza Gipsy Vanner.
Peso 376 kg.
Dedicado a show circense.
Viajes constantes, (cambios climáticos radicales).
Espacio vital en grupo, misma especie. Cama aserrín.
Desparasitación actualizada.
Vacunación incierta.
Interrogatorio de historia:
Patología respiratoria crónica, previamente tratada hace 60 días, aparentemente resuelta, antibioticoterapia desconocida, AINES, guayacol, vitamina B12, y otras más, Tos frecuente cuando ingiere alimento, pérdida progresiva de peso, séptima opinión médica. Ración a base de alfalfa.
Examen físico:
Relevante; pérdida de peso, línea de huélfago, taquipnea, taquicardia.
Lista problema:
- 1) Frecuencia respiratoria aumentada (28 RPM)
- 2) Sibilancias
- 3) Tos. (polvo).
- 4) Frecuencia cardiaca aumentada (62 LPM)
- 5) Respiración abdominal
- 6) Dilatación marcada de ollares. (Fig. 2)
- 7) Línea de huélfago
- 8) Pérdida de peso progresiva
Figura 2: Observe la dilatación de ollares.
Clasificación de problemas:
Importantes crónicos.
Lista maestra:
- Disnea; (1,4,5,6,7,8)
- Reflejo tusígeno positivo (3)
- Taquicardia (1,3,4,5,6,8,9)
Diagnósticos diferenciales:
Obstrucción aérea recurrente.
Obstrucción pulmonar asociado a pasturas.
Patología intersticial pulmonar crónica.
Fibrosis pulmonar.
Enfermedad inflamatoria respiratoria.
Plan diagnóstico:
I. Aspirado trans-traqueal (Fig.3),(citología).
II. Hemograma. (Fig. 3a)
III. Perfil bioquímico. (Fig. 3b)
IV. Gases sanguíneos. (Fig. 3c)
V. Estudio radiológico.(Fig 5)
VI. Ultrasonido
VII. Endoscopia. (Fig. 6)
VIII. Prueba broncodilatación (atropina). (Fig. 7)
Resultados:
I.- Aspirado trans-traqueal:
Muestra con abundante cantidad de células inflamatorias, en donde el mayor porcentaje son Neutrofilos (99%) en diferentes estados de conservación y algunos en cariorrexis, el 1 % restante son macrófagos, (Fig. 4) estas células se encuentran sobre un fondo de material mucoide rosáceo. Extracelularmente se observan escasas cadenas de bacterias.
Figura 3: Sitio de punción para aspirado trans-traqueal. Figura 4: Observe la turbidez del aspirado por celularidad.
II.- Hemograma. (Figura 3a)
ANALITO | UNIDADES | RESULTADO | VALORES DE REFERENCIA | OBSERVACIONES |
hematocrito | L/L | 0.43 | 0.32-0.52 | |
hemoglobina | g/L | 135 | 111-190 | |
eritrocitos | X 10 a la 12/L | 8.8 | 6.5-12.5 | |
VGM | lL | 49 | 34-58 | |
CGMH | g/L | 314 | 310-370 | |
proteínas | g/L | 78 | 60-80 | |
fibrinógeno | g/L | 4 | <5 | |
leucocitos | X10 a la 9/L | 9.2 | 5.5-12.5 | |
plaquetas | X10 a la 9/L | 310 | 100-600 | |
DIFERENCIAL | ||||
NEUTROFILOS | X10 a la 9/L | 6.4 | 2.7-6.7 | |
BANDAS | X10 a la 9/L | 0.1 | 0 | Elevado |
METAMIELOCITOS | X10 a la 9/L | 0 | 0 | |
MIELOCITOS | X10 a la 9/L | 0 | 0 | |
LINFICITOS | X10 a la 9/L | 1.7 | 1.5-7.5 | |
MONOCITOS | X10 a la 9/L | 0.3 | 0-0.8 | |
EOSINOFILOS | X10 a la 9/L | 0.7 | 0-0.9 | |
BASOFILOS
E. NUCLEADOS |
X10 a la 9/L
/100 leucos. |
0
0 |
0-0.2
0 |
|
NEUTRO. TOXICOS | neg. | Negativo | ||
LINFO. ATIPICOS | neg. | Negativo | ||
MORFOLOGIA DE ERITROCITOS | NORMAL | |||
INTERPRETACIÓN | ||||
DESVIACIÓN A LA IZQUIERDA POR INFLAMACIÓN CRÓNICA |
III.- Perfil Bioquímico. (Figura 3b)
UNIDADES | RESULTADO | VALORES DE REFERENCIA | OBSERVACIONES | |
GLUCOSA | mmol/L | 5.32 | 3.4-6.2 | |
UREA | mmol/L | 7.3 | 4.1-7.2 | ELEVADO |
CREATININA | Mmol/L | 107 | <156 | |
COLESTEROL | mmol/L | 1.81-4.65 | ||
BILIRRUBINA T. | Mmol/L | 34.2 | <54 | |
BIL. CONJUGADA | Mmol/L | 3.5 | <12 | |
BIL. NO CONJ. | Mmol/L | 30.7 | <44 | |
ALT | U/L | |||
AST | U/L | 495 | <450 | ELEVADO |
FOSFATASA A. | U/L | <453 | ||
GGT | U/L | 24 | <22 | ELEVADO |
CK | U/L | 146 | <425 | |
PROTEINAS T. | g/L | 72 | 53-71 | ELEVADO |
ALBUMINA | g/L | 35 | 31-39 | |
GLOBULINAS | g/L | 37 | 20-35 | ELEVADO |
RELACION A/G | calculado | 0.9 | 0.89.1’65 | |
CALCIO | mmol/L | 2.84 | 2.79-3.22 | |
FOSFORO I. | mmol/L | 0.96 | 0.77-1.67 | |
POTASIO | mmol/L | 3.67 | 3.36-4.99 | |
SODIO | mmol/L | 132 | 132-141 | |
CLORO | mmol/L | 95.9 | 98-105 | DISMINUIDO |
BICARBONATO | mmol/L | 30 | 27-34 | |
AC. NO VOLATILES | mmol/L | 9.8 | 4.0-13 | |
cr/Urea: | 14.7 | INTERPRETACIÓN | ||
Bc/Bnc: | 0.1 | |||
Ca/P: | 3 | Hiperglobulinemia, por inflamación crónica. | ||
Diferencia iones | 36.1 | Cambios restantes poco significativos. | ||
Fuertes |
Aspartato aminotranferasa (AST) Y gamma glutamil transpeptidasa (GGT), elevadas por balance energético negativo y movilidad lipídica. (Lipidosis hepática). Pérdida de peso. Hiperproteinemia por hiperglobulinemia, ligada a un proceso de estimulación inmune, (inflamación crónica).
IV.- Gasometría
Hipoxemia, (alcalosis respiratoria), por hiperventilación compensatoria, debido al daño pulmonar, hiperbicarbonatemia e hipocloremia perdida a terceros espacios, (Fig. 3c).
Figura 3c.
ANALITO | UNIDADES | RESULTADO | VALORES DE REFERENCIA |
pH | 7.449 | 7.350 – 7.460 | |
pCO2 | mmHg | 40.1 | 36.0 – 44.0 |
pO2 | mmHg | 44.4 | 81.0 – 103 |
Valores de metabolitos | |||
Glucosa | mmol/L | 5.7 | 3.8 – 6.8 |
Lactato | mmol/L | 1 | 0.0 – 2.0 |
Bilirrubina | mg/dl | 3.2 | – |
Valores de electrolitos | |||
K | mmol/L | 3.7 | 3.5 – 5.5 |
Na | mmol/L | 131 | 140 – 153 |
Ca? | mmol/L | 1.52 | 1.20 – 1.50 |
Cl | mmol/L | 98 | 107 – 117 |
HCO3 | mmol/L | 25 | 18-24 |
Diferencia de iones fuertes normal 33mmol /l.
V.- Estudio Radiológico
Toma latero lateral torácica: (Figura 5).
Patrón bronco vascular e intersticial.
Figura 5: Toma radiográfica, latero-lateral torácica, observe el patrón bronquial e intersticial pulmonar.
VI.- Ultrasonido
Pequeñas áreas hiperecoica irregulares en la pared pulmonar.
VII.- Endoscopia
Exceso de material mucoso en lumen traqueal y Carina. (Fig. 6) .
Figura 6: Apreciación de carina con abundante exudado mucoso.
VIII.- Test broncodilatación con atropina
Prueba positiva: (Fig. 7)
Se aplicó atropina subcutánea 0.02 mg/kg pv. Se observó un aumento de pO2 a 25 minutos post-administración: logrando incremento de 5.4 mmHg de pO2, y una disminución de pCO2 de 9.5 mmHg.
Descripción de análisis de gases y electrolitos: se observa hipoxemia, alcalosis respiratoria por hipocapnia, (hiponatremia inespecífica), hipocloremia por pérdida a terceros espacios, alcalosis metabólica hipoclórica, e hiperbicarbonatemica.
Diagnostico presuntivo y definitivo:
Por historia y Signología clínica, confirmada con pruebas de laboratorio e imagenologicas.
Obstrucción Aérea Recurrente. (RAO).
Plan de tratamiento inicial:
1) TPR q 4 horas.
2) Ipratropio 360 mg/salbutamol 63 -210 mg/kg. BID, inhalado.
3) Fluticasona 2000 mg BID, inhalado.
4) Hematocrito/proteína plasmática SID.
5) Ceftiofur, (de depósito) 6,6 mg/kg pv q 5 días. IM.
6) Dexametasona 2% .4mg/kg pv SID primeros tres días.
7) Isonicotinato de dexametasona (de depósito) 0.04 mg/kg pv q 5 días. IM posterior a los 3 días de administración de dexametasona convencional.
Manejo de microambiente:
8) Dieta, heno de avena húmeda, BID, agua ad-libitum.
9) Sacar a caminar, una vez al día.
10) Aromaterapia.
11) Aseo de caballeriza dos veces al día, mantener sin cama.
Plan de seguimiento:
Se intentó obtener datos de constantes, durante el periodo de hospitalización, logrando graficar a groso modo, la frecuencia respiratoria y el ritmo cardiaco en el periodo de hospitalización, observando una mejoría en estos factores hasta el día de obtenida el alta. (Fig. 8)
ANALITO |
UNIDADES | RESULTADO |
VALORES DE REFERENCIA |
|||
pH |
7.449 | 7.350 – 7.460 | ||||
pCO2 |
mmHg | 40.1 |
36.0 – 44.0 |
|||
pO2 |
mmHg | 44.4 |
81.0 – 103 |
|||
Valores de metabolitos |
||||||
Glucosa |
mmol/L | 5.7 |
3.8 – 6.8 |
|||
Lactato |
mmol/L | 1 |
0.0 – 2.0 |
|||
Bilirrubina |
mg/dl | 3.2 |
– |
|||
Valores de electrolitos |
||||||
K |
mmol/L | 3.7 |
3.5 – 5.5 |
|||
Na |
mmol/L | 131 |
140 – 153 |
|||
Ca? |
mmol/L | 1.52 |
1.20 – 1.50 |
|||
Cl |
mmol/L | 98 |
107 – 117 |
|||
HCO3 |
mmol/L | 25 |
18-24 |
|||
ANALITO |
UNIDADES |
RESULTADO |
VALORES DE REFERENCIA |
|||
pH |
7.517 |
7.350 – 7.460 |
||||
pCO2 |
mmHg | 30.6 |
36.0 – 44.0 |
|||
pO2 |
mmHg | 49.8 |
81.0 – 103 |
|||
Valores de metabolitos |
Figura 8: puede apreciarse mejoría en ambas constantes.
Resolución del caso:
La estadía en el hospital fue de 43 días, hasta obtener el alta.
Se logró una buena recuperación respiratoria, un considerable incremento en la tolerancia al ejercicio, ganancia de peso, y una evidente actitud positiva de paciente. Por lo que se concluye la obtención exitosa de los objetivos con el tratamiento establecido para este caso.
Educación al cliente y recomendaciones para el paciente:
Es una patología, pulmonar, crónico, inflamatoria, con alta probabilidad de recurrencia, si no se conservan las siguientes recomendaciones micro ambientales y alimenticias:
I. Conservación de caballeriza limpia, libre de orina y heces la mayor parte del día
II. Proporcionar un material para cama con la mínima cantidad de partículas de polvo. (arena, papel, caucho, cascara de cacahuate)
III. Ventilación e iluminación adecuada.
IV. Alimento, siempre húmedo.
V. Adicionar, broncodilatador en alimento, por recomendar a clembuterol, dosis terapéutica (ventipulmin).
VI. Durante transporte; evitar corrientes directas a vías aéreas altas.
Discusión:
Obstrucción aérea recurrente (RAO), conocida como “heaves”, es una patología debilitante e incurable, de las vías respiratorias bajas en el equino. Su manifestación patológica es por bronco-constricción, bronquiolo-constricción e inflamación neutrofílica respiratoria, como resultado de la exposición de irritantes aéreos específicos, y alérgenos encontrados en pasturas y camas polvosas.
Evidencias sugieren que una respuesta inmune, innata o adquirida, contribuye a la activación de células inflamatorias resultando en una reacción de hipersensibilidad tipo I y III, con producción y liberación de citoquinas, quimiocinas, moléculas de adhesión, receptores y liberadores de especies de oxigeno reactivo.
La regulación de la expresión de genes inflamatorios en caballos afectados, es dependiente de la vinculación del factor nuclear Kappa-B (NF-KB), activación de proteína 1 (AP-1) y AMP cíclico. (G. Moran. Et.al. 2011)
En una manifestación crónica, existe un incremento en el número de las células productoras de moco, al igual que la cantidad de mucina almacenada, observada en unión a la remodelación de tejido respiratorio.
RAO es una condición asmática que se manifiesta en caballos adultos maduros (más de 5 años), expuestos a polvos. (Robinson et.al.2001).
Esta patología es caracterizada por una neutrofilia pulmonar y una excesiva producción de moco, resultando en una reducción de la complianza dinámica pulmonar, e incrementando la resistencia pulmonar. (dereksen et.al. Jakson et.al.2001). Muestra periodos agudos de obstrucción (crisis) seguidos de periodos de remisión. (Robinson et.al. 1996).
Fue descrita por primera vez, como una enfermedad en el equino, en el año 333 A.C. por Aristóteles, relatada por una línea de esfuerzo o (línea de huélfago) en caballos con problemas obstructivos respiratorios.
Caballos de más de 5 años de edad son más frecuentemente afectados, la prevalencia incrementa con la edad (Leguillete, et.al. 2003) sin existencia de predisposición por genero, mas se ha demostrado una predisposición genética. (Gerber, et.al. 2009).
Etiología:
Aspergillus Fumigatus es comúnmente encontrado en el medioambiente del equino, es considerado como el principal agente desencadenante. Faenia Rectivirgula, puede estar asociada con la manifestación de hipersensibilidad pulmonar.
Ácaros del polvo (sus heces), son potencialmente alérgenos en humanos. En 1995 Araya y Zaror, reportaron ácaros en el 80 % de las muestras de forrajes, proporcionales a la cantidad de esporas micótica, esto generaba una respuesta inmunogénica a los agentes fungales, como factores de gran potencial importancia en la patogénesis de RAO.
Bases inmunogénicas:
En general la inflamación pulmonar involucra la activación de células específicas de patógenos, modulación de transcripción de factores y liberación de mediadores inflamatorios. (Barnes, et. Al. 1998)
Algunos estudios sugieren que caballos afectados con RAO, poseen altos niveles de anticuerpos isotipos IgE, contra Faenia Rectivirgula y Aspergillus Fumigatus en lavado bronqueoalveolar, ligado a una reacción de hipersensibilidad tipo I.
La respuesta inflamatoria es caracterizada por una bronquiolitis neutrofílica, considerada una evidencia de una reacción de hipersensibilidad tipo III resultado de complejos de unión antígeno anticuerpo, con una subsecuente activación de la cascada del complemento, (c3a inductor, c5a anafilotoxina).
Estos efectos más la contracción y el aumento de la permeabilidad vascular más los factores quimiotácticos, atraen leucocitos, Neutrófilos y eosinófilos. (Halliwell RE, McGorum BC 1993, 21).
Influjo de los Neutrófilos:
La principal lesión de RAO, a nivel pulmonar es la bronquilitis, acumulación peri-bronquial de linfocitos y el acumulo intraluminal de Neutrofilos. (Leguillete, et.al. 2003). Los factores que manifiestan al neutrofilia no son completamente conocidos.
Existe una mención previa, ligada a la expresión de IL-8 que actúa como quimio-táctico a Neutrofilos en células bronqueoalveolares. (ainsworth et.al. 2003), en adición al factor nuclear Kappa-B, se correlaciona con porcentaje de Neutrofilos en los bronquios. Th17 por tanto IL.17 están involucrados en el proceso inflamatorio.
La activación de linfocitos T cooperadores (CD4+) se diferencia de la siguiente manera:
Tipo |
Citocina estimuladora | Principal factor de transcripción | Citocina efectora | Funciones efectoras |
Efectos patológicos |
Th1 |
IL-12 | T-bet | IFN-gama | Patógenos intracelulares |
Autoinmunidad, alergia mediada por células |
Th2 |
IL-4 | GATA-3 | IL-4 | Patógenos extracelulares |
Asma. Alergia mediada por IgE. |
Th17 |
TGF-B + IL21 o IL-6 inhibidora por acido retinoico | ROR-gama | IL-17, IL-22 | Mediadores inflamatorios
Patógenos intracelulares |
Enfermedades autoinmunes |
treg |
IL-2+TGF-BIL-6 estimulada por acido retinoico | FOXP3 | IL-10, TGF-B | Inmunosupresión
antiinflamatorio |
Desconocido |
(Inmunología veterinaria, DR. José Ángel Gutiérrez Pabello 2010, pag105)
Producción de moco:
La acumulación de moco antes y después de la exposición a un agente alérgeno es incrementada en caballos con RAO en comparación con los ejemplares sanos. (Gerber, et.al. 2004). La inflamación induce una hipersecreción de moco, disfunción ciliar y cambios en la composición y propiedades biofísicas de la secreción, observado a las 24 horas de la estabulación. (Gerber, et.al. 2000).
El material mucoso es una mezcla de agua, electrolitos, lisozimas, células inflamatorias y glicoproteínas; mucina con propiedades visco-elásticas. Una glicocilacion de la mucina aumenta la viscosidad de la secreción resultando en una falla de la función mucociliar. (Jefcoat et.al. 2001).
Factor nuclear Kappa-B (NF-KB), Inhibe la liberación de mediadores de apoptosis, de células epiteliales (goblet cell), esto resulta en un incremento del número de células por milímetro de lamina basal, por tanto un aumento en la producción de moco, conocido como metaplasia de goblet cell. (tesfaigzi et.al. 2005, 21).
Remodelación celular:
En tejidos de humanos asmáticos los cambios de remodelación celular incluyen a las “goblet cells” e hiperplasia de las glándulas mucosas, fibrosis sub-epitelial, neo-vascularización, e hipertrofia de musculo liso. (Davies, et.al.2003).
El mecanismo molecular para manejar esta remodelación es conocido como factor de crecimiento transformador (TGF-B1), resulta importante como factor quimiotáctico fibroblástico. (Kariyamawasam 2007).
Sin embargo muchos estudios son necesarios para relacionar a TGF-B1 como responsable pro-fibroblástico en la remodelación de caballos con RAO.
Signos clínicos:
Se pueden clasificar dependiendo de la cronicidad.
Caso severo:
Manifiestan un marcado distress respiratorio, generalmente en caballos de 7 años de edad o mayores, que se han mantenido un considerable periodo de vida en estabulación y que por lo regular se alimentan con heno.
Una manifestación de un episodio agudo (crisis) se observa con la evidente dilatación de ollares, incremento de la frecuencia respiratoria (taquipnea), uso de los músculos abdominales para lograr la espiración, con una actitud y apariencia agitada, puede presentar secreción nasal, es intolerante al ejercicio, manifiesta hipertrofia de los músculos oblicuos externos abdominales “línea de huélfago”. (Fernanda C. et.al. 2008).
Se puede percibir el resoplido y esfuerzo respiratorio intenso, disminuye el consumo de alimento lo que favorece a una progresiva pérdida de peso.
Caso inicial.
Tos asociado a periodos de exigencia (trabajo, ejercicio) o durante la alimentación, reducción en la tolerancia al ejercicio y periodos largos de recuperación, un inadecuado abordaje en esta etapa puede ser de progresión a un caso severo fácilmente. (Fernanda C. et.al. 2008).
Diagnóstico:
El diagnostico tentativo se basa en los signos clínicos y en la historia.
I. Lavado transtraqueal (citología), alto porcentaje de Neutrofilos no degenerados sobre un material mucoide, hifas de hongos y espirales de Curschmann’s.
II. Hemograma, por lo general valores en rangos normales, solo con la manifestación de un proceso inflamatorio crónico.
III. Perfil bioquímico, seroglobulínas y fibrinógeno elevado principalmente.
IV. Gases sanguíneos
V. Estudio radiológico, patrón bronco-intersticial.
VI. Ultrasonido, falla de expansión pulmonar, pequeñas áreas irregulares hiperecoicas en la superficie del pulmón.
VII. Endoscopia, exudado mucopurulento en la tráquea, que se continúa hacia la Carina y ambos pulmones.
VIII. Prueba broncodilatación (atropina 0.02mg/kg), reducción del distress respiratorio 15 minutos post inyección aumento de PaO2 y decremento de PaCo2.
IX. Reacciones intradérmicas con alérgeno específico para IgE. (poco específicos).
X. Valores de histamina post aplicación de alérgenos aspergillus fumigatus.
Tratamiento:
Micro-ambiental:
Manejo del medio ambiente, eliminando o reduciendo al máximo la exposición de polvos, de preferencia mantenerse en un ambiente libre (pradera) ventilado y de fácil limpieza, recientes datos sugieren que un paciente con RAO alejado de polvos (no vivir en caballeriza ni alimentarse con heno), por algunos años, reduce los esfuerzos respiratorios y puede ausentar los signos de la patología. Esto sugiere una remodelación tisular. (G. Moran1 et.al.21).
De no ser posible la pradera, puede realizarse una transición alimenticia sustituyendo los henos secos y polvosos, por alimentos peletizados o heno humidificado de conocimiento la reducción de carácter nutricional. (G. Moran1 et.al., E. Robinson, 21).
Medico:
Uso de corticoesteroides para reducir la inflamación bronquio-pulmonar, de contraindicación en caballos predispuestos a laminitis o endocrinopatías.
Prednisolona oral:
2.2 mg/kg/pv 24 h |
De 7 a 10 días |
1.1 mg/kg/ pv 24 h |
De 7 a 10 días |
0.5 mg/kg/pv 24 h |
De 7 a 10 días |
0.5 mg/kg/pv cada tercer día |
De 7 a 10 días |
Dexametasona:
Parenteral IV o IM |
oral |
0.08-0.1 mg/kg/pv cada tercer día |
0.165 mg/kg/pv cada tercer día |
0.05 mg/kg/pv cada tercer día |
0.084 mg/kg/pv cada tercer día |
0.03 mg/kg/pv cada tercer día |
0.042 mg/kg/pv cada tercer día |
Tres tratamientos consecutivos. Isonicotinato de dexametasona 0.04 mg/kg/pv, acción de depósito de 3 a 7 dias.
Corticoesteroides inhalados:
Fluticasona: 2-6 mg/kg/pv cada 12 horas.
Beclometasona: 3-5 mg/kg/pv cada 12 horas.
Broncodilatadores beta-2 agonistas: inhalados:
Albuterol: 600 – 720 microgramos cada 6 horas.
Salmaterol: 1 – 2 miligramos cada 6 u 8 horas.
Fenoterol: 500 microgramos cada 6 u 8 horas.
Broncodilatadores beta-2 agonistas: orales:
Clembuterol 0.8 microgramos cada 12 horas en alimento incremente la limpieza mucociliar, mejora las secreciones bronqueo-alveolares y disminuye las citocinas proinflamatórias. (Broadstone RV, Robinson NE, 1991).
Parasimpaticolíticos:
Atropina 0.01 mg/kg/pv SID
Glicopirrolato: 0.005 mg/kg/pv SID IV o IM.
Ipratropio con menos efectos sistémicos a dosis de 180 – 360 mg cada 8 horas inhalado.
Nebulizado aumenta su actividad, 2 – 3 microgramos por Kg cada 8 horas. (McPherson.et.al. 21).
Diuréticos:
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Pronóstico:
Grave funcional:
En un análisis, Aviza descubrió que más del 50% de los caballos que respondieron al tratamiento para RAO, disminuyeron su desempeño atlético debido a la patología y causa de los efectos provocados por los episodios repetitivos y la manifestación de cambios estructurales pulmonares irreversibles. (Aviza GA. Et.al.2001).
BIBLIOGRAFIA:
- Recurrent airway obstruction By Amanda House, DVM, DACVIM Respiratory Conditions – Feb 4th, 10
- Recurrent airway obstruction in horses – an allergic inflammation: a review G. Moran1, H. Folch2, Veterinarni Medicina, 56, 2011 (1): 1–13
- Heaves in horses, Fernanda C. Camargo, Bob Coleman, laurie Lawrence, Mary Rossano and Kristen Harvey.
- Genetics of equine RAO, Vincent Gerbera, Alessandra Ramseyerc,a, Eva Laumena,
- Päivi Nussbaumera, Jolanta Klukowska-Rötzlerb, June E Swinburned, Eliane Martib, Tosso Leebb, Gaudenz Dolf, World Equine Airways Symposium 2009.
- Recurrent Airway Obstruction (Heaves) (30-Nov-2001) N. E. Robinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Review of Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO, Heaves): Diagnosis and Treatment Options Dorothy M. Ainsworth, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM
- Gerber V, King M, Schneider DA, Robinson NE (2000): Tracheobronchial mucus viscoelasticity during environmental challenge in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Veterinary Journal 32, 411–417.
- Gerber V, Robinson NE, Venta RJ, Rawson J, Jefcoat AM, Hotchkiss JA (2003): Mucin genes in horses airways: MUC5AC, but not MUC2, may play a role in recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Veterinary Journal 35, 222–223.
- José angel Gutiérrez Pabello, Inmunología veterinaria, 2010 pag 105. Edit. Manual moderno.
- Kevin Corlery and Jennifer Stephen, The equine hospital manual. Edit. Blackwell publishing.
- Broadstone RV, Robinson NE, Gray PR, et al: Effects of furosemide on ponies with recurrent airway obstruction. Pulm Pharmacol 1991; 4:203-208.
- Laan TT, Bull S, Pirie RS, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of IV administered clenbuterol in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Vet J 2006; 171:429-437
- Robinson NE: International Workshop on Equine Chronic Airway Disese. Michigan State University 16-18 June 2000. Equine Vet J 2001: 33: 5-19.
- DeLuca L, Erb HN, Young JC, et al. The effect of adding oral dexamethasone to feed alterations on the airway cell inflammatory gene expression in stabled horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22: 427-435.
- McPherson EA, Thomson JR. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the horse. 1: Nature of the disease. Equine Vet J 1983, 15:203-206.
- Halliwell RE, McGorum BC, Irving P, et al. Local and systemic antibody production in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Vet Immunol Immunopath 1993; 38:201-215.
- Aviza GA, Ainsworth DM, Eicker SW et al. Outcome of horses diagnosed with and treated for heaves (recurrent airway obstruction). Equine Vet Educ 2001;
- Dr. E. Robinson. BVetMed, PhD, MRCVS; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA .COPD, Heaves, RAO, IAD: Understanding the Phenotypes of equine Airway Disease.
- Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery. Edit © 2004, Elsevier Limited. Pag 623-632.
- DEVELOPEMENT OFA RISK-SCREENING QUESTIONNARE FOR DIAGNISIS OF RECURRENT AIRWAY OBSTCRUCTION. Christley, R.M.*1, Hotchkiss, J.W.2 and Reid, S.W.J.2. 1University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK 2University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Critical Evaluation of Treatment Efficacy for RAO and IAD. Laurent Couetil, 2010. Published in IVIS
- Rational Treatment of Inflammatory Airway Disease – Environment and Drugs. Melissa R. Mazan, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM, Published in IVIS.
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